Exhaust System For The LJMU

Exhaust System For The LJMU The FS event is held every year at Silverstone in the UK. The event was set up by the Institute of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE). Universities from around the world come to Silverstone to enter their cars in the event. Each team that enters FS is solely made up of students. There are a number of different classes which the car can be entered. These are Class 1, Class 1A and Class 2. LJMU is entering in to Class 1. Class 1 consists of a number of different events which can be broken down in to two categories, Static Events and Dynamic Events. The Static Events include, a presentation, Engineering Design and Cost Analysis. The Dynamic Events include an acceleration test, a skip-pad test, an autocross race and an Endurance race which includes a fuel economy test. The final exhaust design will be used in the 2011 LJMU FS car. For the exhaust to be used it must fully comply with the FS rules and regulations. The LJMU FS car is a group project and so it will be vital to the success of the exhaust system and the final car that communication is maintained. Formula Student 2010 LJMU competed in its first FS Class 1 event in 2010 and finished in 21st place. This was a great achievement for the university. Feedback was given to the university after the event from the FS judges. The feedback received was useful and has given areas of improvements for the car. One of the pieces of feedback was criticising the fact that the exhaust system didnt have a Lambda sensor to measure the levels of oxygen the in exhaust gas. This will be one area of improvement for FS 2011. Time Management To complete this project within the strict time limits a Gantt chart has been created. This can be seen in APPENDIX REFERENCE. Within the time 4 stages will be completed. There are analysis, design, verification and manufacture. FS Rules and Regulations To successfully create an exhaust system a number of rules need to be met. The rules and regulations were written by the Formula Society of Automotive Engineers (FSAE). These rules are in place to maintain a level playing field throughout the teams and to also ensure that safety standards are kept. The FS rules can be interpreted in different ways and so create different and interesting designs. To summarise a few rules, the exhaust has to exist within an area of 450 mm behind the centreline of the rear axle and 600 mm above the ground, the driver must be protected against heat and fumes and the sound must not exceed 100dBA. The engine size is also limited by FS rules. The rules state that an engine no bigger than 610cc can be used for the competition. The used for the engine must also pass through a 20mm restrictor. The full list of rules and break down which are relevant to this project can be found in ARTICLE 10: Exhaust System and Noise Control seen in APPENDIX REFERENCE. Design Restrictions As the exhaust will get very hot during running it is important that the exhaust pipes dont come in to contact or come too close to other engine peripherals such as electrical cables and fuel line. The driver will also be protected by a firewall in case of a fire or excess heat from the engine. As the fuels system, intake system and other peripherals have yet to be decided assumptions must be made in the routing of the exhaust system. The decision has been made to mount the engine front facing. This will mean that the exhaust ports are facing towards the front of the car and the intake ports are facing the back of the car. This decision has been made to simplify the design of the drive train to minimalize power lost and reduce the risk of failure. The design is also impacted by 20mm restrictor on the air intake which will also affect the exhaust system. Ricardo WAVE Ricardo WAVE Build will be used to fully model the exhaust system. Ricardo WAVE is an ISO 1D/3D engine and gas dynamics simulation package. WAVE is used in a number of different industry sectors all involved in simulating engine performance. It used from creating an initial design to the modifying an existing design without having to manufacture any components. WAVE only produces theoretical engine performance data and will need to be verified with experimental data. Ricardo WAVE is a sponsor in the FS event and so all FS teams have access to the software. Learning Ricardo WAVE Within the WAVE help file there is a list of tutorials which cover setting up and running an engine model. The tutorials range from beginner to advanced. The beginner spark ignition (SI) tutorial takes the user through the initial setup of an in-line, 4-cylinder 1.6L engine. Two WAVE tutorials have been completed these are the Introductory SI Tutorial and the Intermediate Concentric Silencer Tutorial. Going through the tutorials helped to give an idea of the different parameters that would need to be collected from the Honda CBR600RR engine. The tutorials also guide the user through the analysis of the model and how a change in the design affects output. Engine Selection The engine selection is partly governed by the FS rules and regulations as stated earlier. Due to the restrictions a decision was made to go for a reliable, powerful engine which is light weight. This lead to the Honda CBR600RR-4. The Honda is a 600cc performance motorcycle engine and so its power to weight ratio is high, which makes it perfect for the FS car. LJMU have used this engine for the past 2 years. The specification of the Honda CBR600-3 will be referenced to as the engine specification has not changed between 2003 and 2004. The CBR600RR engine is an 16-valve, in-line four cylinders, four stroke, with double overhead camshafts (DOHC) (Coombs, 2006). The Engine uses Programmed Duel Storage (PGM-DS) fuel injectors, two per cylinder, one upper and one lower. The lower injectors are used to enhance reliability, above 5500rpm the upper injectors are triggered and are used to improve top end horsepower (Torrance, 2003). A full specification of the standard CBR600RR can be found in APPENDIX REFERENCE. There are a number of different modifications that will take place on the engine by the FS event in 2011 and so the specification is subject to change. Changes that are being considered are an optimal air induction system with the 20mm restrictor, design and manufacture of a shallower sump, reduction in number of gears and modification of ratios and developing an optimised engine map. All of these changes are aimed at increasing performance of the engine for the required characteristics of the competition. Literature Review To generate the best performance from an exhaust system knowledge of a 4 stroke SI Internal combustion (IC) engine is needed. Four-stroke spark ignition (SI) engines The four-stroke SI engine has four different strokes as seen in Figure 1, Four-stroke IC Engine (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007) The four strokes are Intake, Compression, Power and Exhaust. For each turn of the crankshaft two strokes occur. The Intake stroke, also known as the Induction stroke, starts from Top Dead Centre (TDC). In this stroke the piston moves down, the intake value opens causing the air and fuel mixture to be drawn in to the combustion chamber. The volume of the air/fuel mixture drawn in to the chamber is known as the volumetric efficiency. If there is too much air in the mixture then the fuel will burn quickly increasing the pressure in the chamber too quickly leading to mechanical losses and misfiring. This is known as a lean fuel mixture and can lead damage the engine. If there is too much fuel in the mixture then all of the fuel will not be burnt leading to inefficiencies as unburnt fuel will be expelled through the exhaust valve. This will also lower the temperature and pressure in the chamber. This is known as a rich fuel mixture. The Compression stroke follows the induction stroke. The compression stroke starts from Bottom Dead Centre (BDC). The intake valve shuts and the piston starts to move back up the chamber. Just before the piston hits TDC the spark plug fires causing ignition. The Power stroke is where the piston moves down the chamber due to the increase in pressure and temperature from combustion. When the piston hit BDC the exhaust valve opens. The Exhaust stroke forces the gasses out of the combustion chamber through the exhaust valve after the Power stroke. At the end of the exhaust stroke the exhaust valve closes and the cycle starts again. Any exhaust gasses left in the chamber will contaminate the next intake of fuel and will reduce the power output. As only one stroke generates any power (Power stroke), energy has to be stored in a flywheel to move the piston for the remaining three strokes. (Stone, 1999) Engine Thermodynamics An IC engine whether it is a 4 stroke or a 2 stroke is a non-cyclic process. However as the nitrogen in the fluid is virtually unchanged it can be argued that the process is cyclic. This makes calculating the thermodynamic efficiencies much easier as it can be compared to the Otto cycle. Performance To calculate the performance and effectiveness of the exhaust system a number of different parameters will need to be defined. Exhaust Design There are two main designs for exhaust systems, exhaust manifold and exhaust header. Both designs have different pros and cons depending on the different requirements. A standard exhaust manifold can be seen in Figure 2, Standard Exhaust Manifold (Monster Autoparts) This Exhaust is made from cast iron, and so it is perfect for production vehicles as casting is inexpensive if the cast is only used on a large scale. However for a one off production exhaust system it would be expensive. Exhaust headers Figure 3 on the other hand are comparatively inexpensive to produce a one off design as no mould needs to be created and the pipes can be simply bent and cut in to shape. Manifolds are also inefficient compared to exhaust headers. This is due to the air flow in a manifold. When the exhaust gas enters the manifold back pressure is built up. This back pressure restricts the flow for the next wave of exhaust gas. This means that the piston has to work harder to force the exhaust gas out of the cylinder leading to power loss. This back pressure can be reduced or eliminated using exhaust headers by taking advantage of the timing. This is known as exhaust pulsation. To fully understand pulsation it is important to explain the exhaust system shown in Figure 3. This design is a 4-2-1 exhaust. Different exhaust designs can be found in APPENDIX REFERENCE. As can be seen each exhaust port has its own header. Header pipes 1 and 2 join and header pipes 3 and 4 join. These joints are known as collectors which then form the secondary headers. The 2 secondary headers then move in to the final collector and form the downpipe. The firing order of the Honda CBR600 engine is 1-2-4-3 (Coombs, 2006). Improving Engine Performance To improve the performance of the engine pulsation can be used. Pulsation is where Exhaust Pulsation Exhaust Gas Turbochargers There are two different types of exhaust gas turbocharging. These are Pulse Turbocharging and Constant Pressure Turbocharging. Exhaust Gas Recirculation Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is where a small portion of the exhaust gas (5-10%) is fed through a valve back in to the inlet manifold ready for the intake stroke. This helps to decrease emissions of NOx (nitric oxcide and nitrogen dioxide) as the amount of fresh fuel drawn in to the cylinder in replaced with exhaust gas. Between 5 and 10% of EGR is likely to halve the NOx emissions (Stone, 1999). EGR increases intake manifold pressure. The higher intake manifold pressure leads to a reduction in the charge cycle work and this lowers the fuel consumption. During EGR the peak combustion temperature is reduced due to the exhaust gas not being used during combustion which will cause less energy to be produced. (Bosch, 2007) EGR can cause misfire and partial burns to occur as the amount of fuel in the cylinder is reduced, causing a lean mixture. Data Collection Engine Geometry To create an accurate model in WAVE geometry from the CRB engine has to be collected. This was done in a number of different ways. A list of geometry needed for WAVE can be found here APPENDIX REFERENCE. A new head from a CRB engine was purchased and was used to collect the relevant information. A new head was purchased as the tests that were carried out on the head would require taking sections, which would destroy the head beyond repair. DIGITISING ARM VOLUME OF INTAKES AND EXHAUST PORTS Rolling Road Testing Exhaust Geometry

The Lost Treasure

Jahdai Dunk The Lost Treasure When reminiscing on a special moment in time there is delight, fear, or humiliation that may be remembered; teaching a message in the long run. While many people learn through past memories, I also have been taught a lesson about God always being with me while on my trip to Lake Tahoe. It is known to be an amazing place where families enjoy themselves and vacation like there is no end. People have this perfect vision of beautiful green trees, skiing, camping, and great family memories when reflecting on Lake Tahoe.While I think about the holiday I spent there and listen to the words Lake Tahoe, I keep in mind a beautiful location; but also a regretful memory that in the long run changed my mindset about the love God has for me. It all started on a damp, foggy morning around 6am, I felt my heartbeat jumping like a pogo stick. It was the morning of Christmas! Santa Clause and presents leaped all through my mind that morning. I slowly opened my eyes, yawned , and finally sprinted through the narrow hall way to my family room exploding with excitement.Rapidly, I opened up my gifts and I first (saw) distinguished a green bible and a black and pink purse. I thanked my parents for these gifts, but when I opened the final item I was even more joyous seeing an item I thought I would’ve never (seen) set eyes on in years. It was a brand new flip phone! I (ran) raced to my parents and screamed, â€Å"Thank you mommy, and thank you daddy! † Alarmed by my (screaming) shrieking cry my brother thought, â€Å"Why does she get a phone at such a young age, she’s only 10? † Obtaining my phone I was ecstatic, but when grasping the other items, I wasn’t as energized.Assuming I was so tight with my grey, wireless flip phone, I strutted with great confidence out of the house; viewing it to be one of the best days of my 4th grade life. I was in complete shock to be carrying such a precious device. After treasuring my first phone I was eager to go to Lake Tahoe for some more enjoyment. A few days following Christmas around 8 am, I quickly packed my belongings, (carried) lugged my new purse along with my bible and phone, on my way to Lake Tahoe. It took about 4 hours to get to our destination and I felt like a fat walrus while sitting in the car for such a long period of time.Hours later around noon, I woke up and examined my surroundings outside. I screamed, â€Å"Oh my goodness, we are here! † Immediately, I grabbed my black leather purse that had my phone and bible, took a breath in tasting the refreshing air of civilization, and had a mindset eager to play some activities in the area. The main entertainments in the area of gorgeous Lake Tahoe were the outdoor shopping centers across the street from our hotel with a variety of antique stores, food places, casinos, a tram and arcades. Although the city was filled with numerous fun and phenomenal activities, I thought the top place for enjoymen t was the arcade.My family and I began to stridden around trying to find an arcade, but unfortunately couldn’t locate one at the moment. I began to sniffle and was filled with salty tears. As I (looked) appeared gloomy and walked through the winding outdoor shopping centers, it started to reach evening. I then wiped those tears away when my mom told me and my siblings that there was an arcade inside a very smoky place. I realized this unbearable scented building happened to be a casino with an arcade inside! Cheerfully, we leaped with joy unmindful of the smoke, ready to run as if it was Christmas again yelling, â€Å"Let’s go! †My family and I ran inside dodging the smells of smolder left and right, covered up our noses, held our breath, huddled in close, and finally spotted in the corner was the arcade. I asked my parents for money and swiftly sprinted like there was no limit to play several games. There were so many games and the prizes were pleasing to my ey es, therefore my goal was to get a huge amount of tickets. I went left and right (going) departing from game to game with a huge smile on my face. As I came to a satisfaction of my amount of tickets, I finished with one final game, which was known as the irresistible roller coaster game.My body rattled feeling the movements of a jiggling massage chair giving me the urge to raise my hands as if I was on a real roller coaster. Before leaving I picked out my little prizes with unspeakable joy and quickly went to the restroom as though everything was alright; but what I didn’t know was part of me was about to be lost that day. Skipping back with my toys in my hand, I was ready to go back for some more games as if I just left Disneyland. I was being thrown with happiness almost back at our hotel just two blocks ahead, realizing something was incomplete. I frantically shouted, â€Å"Uh oh, where’s my urse! † My massive smile turned into sorrow. My mom in worry answere d, â€Å"I don’t know, where was the last place you saw it? † Out of breath with tears beginning to come down my face I anxiously sighed, â€Å"The arcade! † Rewinding my steps I ran like it was the end of the world all the way back to the arcade in great concern because that purse had my brand new phone inside of it! We passed one block then two with a huge change in emotion. My sensitive heart skipped a step every stride of the way. Then finally we arrived at the arcade hastily trying to retrace our steps.We went back through the jungle of smoke and at last making it to the arcade. I went to each and every game forcing myself to remember what I did with the purse. Not being able to find the purse in the arcade, my dad and mom checked the security station. Rushing back eager to hear the news my mom said, â€Å"The security found the purse and your bible was still there, but they took the phone! † My tears turned into sobs as I heard those terrible words. I never realized how much an attitude could change from being joyous one moment to regret the next. All I could think was, â€Å"My parents will never get me a phone until I’m fifty years old! Every time I think about Lake Tahoe or hear those words, I always reminisce about the loss of my first phone. Although I believed my phone was a prized possession then, I now realize that the treasure that was left behind was my real prize. An item such as my bible that I wasn’t fond of when opening at Christmas, opened up my eyes years later to understanding that God expresses his love in the most amazing ways. While I thought lost my most prized possession, perhaps I never lost it all. Perhaps it was there all the time in the form of an even greater possession that lasts forever which was appreciating God’s love through the bible.

Essay about Stereotyping of Bend It Like Beckham and Billy...

Stereotyping of Bend It Like Beckham and Billy Elliot Media In this essay I will discuss about the stereotyping of Bend it like Beckham and Billy Elliot and the different cultures. In Bend it like Beckham the mum of the main character doesnt want her to play football because she is a girl and it isnt honourable for the family. She wont let her play football because of this but Jess plays football behind her back. In Billy Elliot, the boy starts to dance and the dad is against boys dancing and says they should be out boxing or playing football. This film was set during the miner strike. In Billy Elliot, there was a lot of stereotyping, mainly towards Billy being a dancer. Billy has an†¦show more content†¦The director uses happy music when Billy dances in front of his dad to make it look like he is fighting against the stereotyping. When Billys brother has a go at the teacher when she says that Billy missed a dance audition, this is stereotyping because the brother has a go at the teacher and says that he would be embarrassed to have a brother that dances and that he doesnt want a gay for a brother. This is stereotyping against dancers and gays, because not all dancers are gay, just because they like dancing and there isnt anything wrong with being gay just as long as u dont try and get other people to join you. During this part of the film, the director uses sad rock type music to show anger from his brother. After this part, Billy starts dancing to release his anger, this type of music is also rock too show that Billy is unhappy. You can also see he is unhappy buy him Trying to climb the wall, which looks like he is trapped in something and trying to get out of it. Billy seems to express himself in dancing during the film and release his feeling about things. Dancing seems to be the only thing Billy has. We also see the stereotyping towards Gays when Billy hits a boy and told him to p*ss off u queer B*stard. This shows that Billy has a violent side to him and is upset here. We also know that Billy isnt somebody who stereotypesShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesLoyalty Is an Outdated Concept 87 Questions for Review 88 Experiential Exercise What Factors Are Most Important to Your Job Satisfaction? 89 Ethical Dilemma Bounty Hunters 89 Case Incident 1 Long Hours, Hundreds of E-Mails, and No Sleep: Does This Sound Like a Satisfying Job? 90 Case Incident 2 Crafting a Better Job 91 4 Emotions and Moods 97 What Are Emotions and Moods? 98 The Basic Emotions 100 †¢ The Basic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect 100 †¢ The Function of Emotions 102 †¢ Sources of

Homeless Today Young Adults, Adolescents And Their Families

Homeless in America: Young Adults, Adolescents and Their Families Sophie Homic California University of Pennsylvania SOW 405 Research Methods Marianne Dimatteo October 17, 2014 Introduction Walking through a major city or metropolitan area there are a countless number of people who are wearing old and ripped clothing, carrying bags or pushing grocery carts full of junk, looking like they have not bathed in weeks and most of them holding signs begging for change just so they can eat something that day. Over the past eight years the amount of homeless individuals has continuously decreased throughout the country. Homelessness in America is a serious problem, especially with higher rates in unemployment happening. Americans†¦show more content†¦There is one federally funded program in which we will talk about later that helps homeless individuals get the care they need. There is a dire need for more programs that assist the homeless because the number one reason they are homeless is because they cannot afford housing. If they cannot afford this they probably will not be able to afford the necessities to live a healthy lifestyle. When youths and adolescents succumb to homelessness they are at a greater risk, because they do not have the resources an adult would. They have a disadvantage of employment opportunities and are a greater risk of not completing high school. Youths will lack the ability to receive health care, which will create problems in their overall health because they will not be able to receive the care they need in the instance of sickness, injury or access to medicines. There are countless reasons that adults succumb to being homeless. Some are that a job was lost, mental health is prevalent among them, substance abuse and spouse abuse. Adults who are experiencing homelessness have some of the same problems that youths do as well. An adult not being able to receive health care is very serious especially for older homeless adults. Sickness and serious health problems are more prevalent in older adults resulting in untimely death and the spreading of sicknesses and diseases. I have some establishments offering free haircuts to the homeless if they are preparing for an interview. I have also